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Angle–sensitive pixel
An angle-sensitive pixel (ASP) is a light sensor made entirely in CMOS with a sensitivity to incoming light that is sinusoidal in incident angle.〔(A. Wang, P. Gill, and A. Molnar, "Light field image sensors based on the talbot effect," ''Applied Optics'', vol. 48, no. 31, pp. 5897–5905, 2009. )〕
==Principles of operation==
ASPs are typically composed of two gratings (a diffraction grating and an analyzer grating) above a single photodiode. ASPs exploit the moire effect and the Talbot effect to gain their sinusoidal light sensitivity. According to the moire effect, if light acted as a particle, at certain incident angles the gaps in the diffraction and analyzer gratings line up, while at other incident angles light passed by the diffraction grating is blocked by the analyzer grating. The amount of light reaching the photodiode would be proportional to a sinusoidal function of incident angle, as the two gratings come in and out of phase with each other with shifting incident angle. The wave nature of light becomes important at small scales such as those in ASPs, meaning a pure-moire model of ASP function is insufficient. However, at half-integer multiples of the Talbot depth, the periodicity of the diffraction grating is recapitulated, and the moire effect is rescued. By building ASPs where the vertical separation between the gratings is approximately equal to a half-integer multiple of the Talbot depth, the sinusoidal sensitivity with incident angle is observed.
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